The United Nations &ldquoSustainable Development Goals (SDGs)&rdquo agenda for 2030, particularly &ldquoSDGs 2.1 and 13,&rdquo aims at ensuring food security and reducing climatic risks through climate actions. However, with the current global climate change trends and policies to eradicate hunger, achieving food security to meet SDGs 2 and 13 is highly unlikely. In the context of African and Asian countries, these two regions are highly susceptible to climate change and cumulatively account for 783 million severely food insecure people, needing tailored climate actions to achieve SDGs 2 and 13. Therefore, the present study unveils the role of climate policy, climate finance, and adaptive strategy along with the direct and moderating effect of government effectiveness in addressing climate change and ensuring food security considering the severely food-insecure and climate-vulnerable countries of Africa (24) and Asia (12) spanning from 2000 to 2022. The findings using the Driscoll-Kraay fixed effect and 3SLS estimators reveal that climate policy, climate finance, and adaptive strategy significantly ameliorate climate change in Africa. In contrast, in Asia, climate policy has an insignificantly positive effect on climate change, while climate finance and adaptive strategy have an insignificant negative impact. Moreover, the empirical findings reveal an insignificant role of climate finance in ameliorating food security. Nonetheless, the findings using the 3SLS estimator reveal that the moderation effect of the interaction of government effectiveness with climate finance and adaptive strategy help reduce the effects of climate change on food security in African and Asian countries. Thus, this study suggests implementing coherent policies to generate domestic climate financing by encouraging private players, strengthening adaptive capacity, and implementing climate policies by adopting a decentralized approach to active food security while addressing climate change.