Titanium alloy-based implants are among the most widely used biomaterials in orthopedic and dental applications. Many researchers created various surface structures using surface modification methods to improve the interaction of biomaterial surfaces with tissues. Still, the utilization of implantable metals presents several significant challenges that need to be addressed such as corrosion resistance, antibacterial activity, and bone-implant interaction. Biomedical metallic materials, generally corrode and the ions released from their surfaces are toxic and allergenic to tissues. Implant loosening is a condition that is caused by the wear particles released into body fluid from an implant, which evokes undesired immune responses and inflammatory responses resulting in osteolysis in the bone-implant interface. As a result, good corrosion resistance is required to achieve satisfactory osseointegration and inflammatory responses. Bacterial infection remains a major impediment to the utility of medical implants. Implants related to bacterial infections involve multiple surgical procedures removal of the implant, continuous use of antibiotics, and patient rehabilitation. Coating is an effective method that can be used to enhance the biological, antibacterial, and electrochemical properties of orthopedic and percutaneous implants. Keeping this in view, the present research work aims to enhance the corrosion property and antibacterial ability of Ti6Al4V through surface modification and coating.

The primary focus of this research was to create the TiO₂ (titanium dioxide) highly ordered nanotube arrays on a Ti6Al4V surface to improve surface roughness, antibacterial activity, and biocompatibility for its use in biomedical applications. In this approach, the anodic oxidation process was carried out in the organic bath solution, which is composed of ethylene glycol, NH₄F, and ultrapure water. The process was carried out at a constant voltage of 30 V under different anodic oxidation time durations of 3 h, 4 h, and 5 h. Surface roughness of polished Ti6Al4V, TiO₂ 30 V 3 h, TiO₂ 30 V 4 h, and TiO₂ 30 V 5 h are 2.77 nm, 16.92 nm, 19.75 nm, and 22.01 nm respectively. The early-stage assessment of the antimicrobial efficacy of oxidized specimens was conducted quantitatively against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli after a 24 h period of growth. MG-63 human osteoblast-like cells were employed to investigate cell studies. Cell viability on various surfaces was assessed through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and adhesion assays, demonstrating an enhanced in vitro response to crystalline nanotubes. Overall, this work demonstrates the importance of using multifunctional TiO₂ nanotubes to provide a synergistic impact on antibiofilm, antibacterial, and enhanced osseointegration......